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A szöveg:

According to psychologists, the average human being lies to

others once or twice a day. This is because deception – or

‘untruthfulness’ – is a natural tendency amongst all living things.

Many animals deceive others around them in order to get ahead

in life. Birds, for example, pretend to be injured in order to

distract predators from baby birds in their nest. Chimpanzees,

when they are foraging for food and come across something

tasty, will occasionally pretend not to have noticed the food so

as not to alert the chimps nearby and lose their prize. So it is no

surprise that human beings often deceive for exactly the same

reasons: to save their own skins or to get something they can’t

get by other methods.

Despite how often they engage in it, most people aren’t

experts at lying. People often make inconsistent facial

expressions and body movements in a desperate attempt to

seem believable and to suppress what they are really thinking.

Because the muscle structure of the face is directly connected

to the areas of the brain that process emotion, very few people

– most notably, actors and politicians – are able to consciously

control all of their facial expressions. Other signs of lying are an

increased heartbeat, a faster rate of breathing, and a higher

voice pitch.

It would be logical to think that with these sorts of

symptoms, we would be able to spot a liar easily. However, just

as we are poor liars, it seems that we are equally hopeless at

detecting lies. In a survey carried out at the University of

Portsmouth in the UK, participants were able to detect a lie 44

percent of the time, and able to detect the truth 67 percent of

the time.

So are we better at detecting the truth than detecting lies?

High-tech lie detectors or ‘polygraphs’ are not much more

accurate. They cannot detect lies as such; they merely detect

the physical effects of emotions. These machines measure

breathing, heart rate, and skin conductivity, which tend to

increase when people are nervous, as they usually are when

lying. On the other hand, the idea of being hooked up to a

machine like this could easily produces symptoms of fear,

anxiety and anger which are very similar to those responses

used to detect a lie, which is one reason lie detector tests are

inadmissible in court.

1 animals that kill and eat other animals

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2 looking for

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3 find

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4 protect themselves from a difficult situation

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5 hide

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6 technologically advanced

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7 connected

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8 not allowed

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